Congress enacted ANCSA in 1971. The Act is a legislative compromise, written in response to conflicts among the federal government, the state of Alaska, Alaska Natives and non-Native settlers over ownership of Alaskan lands. It awarded Alaska Natives $ 962.5 million and approximately 40 million acres of public land, in exchange for extinguishment of their aboriginal title claims. See 43 U.S.C. §§ 1603, 1605(a), 1611.
We conclude that the City of Ketchikan, doing business as Ketchikan Public Utilities, does not qualify for a reconveyance as a nonprofit organization under ANCSA.The City of Ketchikan ultimately fails in its effort to win surface title to the 38 acres upon which its Beaver Falls facility is located. This result is not inequitable. The City has been afforded many protections and benefits under ANCSA. Every Alaska city received a two-mile “buffer zone” around its boundary in which the Native villages could not select any land. 43 U.S.C. § 1621(l). The City of Ketchikan was the only municipal corporation in all of Alaska to secure a six- mile buffer zone. Id. It is also protected by the reconveyance provisions of subsection 1613(c)(4), which ensures land for airstrips and the like. And the City’s license with the federal government was protected by subsection 1613(g), which allowed the City to continue operating its power plant unchanged for the past 10 years, even though the land’s ownership changed hands.Finally, we note that the City has never owned this land but only leased it from the federal government. When its lease expired the City would have been forced to renegotiate with whoever then owned the land. There was no guarantee that the government would retain ownership in perpetuity. As the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission recently noted
Defines where disputes must be litigated (state vs. federal), which affects cost, leverage, and practical enforceability for shareholders.